RP-3 CITIZEN Syllabus Notes

SYLLABUS: Citizen : (i) Must know the basic qualification of voter and how to vote. (ii) Know. (a) Powers and functions of the President, Vice-President of Indian Union and Governors in the States. (b) Functions of the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, Vidhan Sabhas and Vidhan Parishads. (c) Functions of local bodies such as Municipality, Local Board (Zilla Parishads, Cantonment Board and Panchayats with special reference to her own area). (iii) Know the functions and working of the State and Local administration. (iv) Have a general knowledge of the working of the Judicial system of the country. Must know the basic qualification of a voter and enthuse every voter in his family and neighbourhood to exercise the same.        INDIAN CITIZENSHIP On 26th November 1949, the Indian constitution was adopted by the constituent assembly; from that date articles 5 to 9 and article11 came into effect and the rest of the articles also came into effect from 26th Jan. 1950 when India become a sovereign democratic republic. Articles 5 to 9 of the constitution lay down the criteria for granting citizenship of India. (see annexure 2). At the beginning of the constitution a person could become the citizen of India if he was living in India and : Was born in the territory of India or Either of whose parents was born in India or Who has been living in India for not less than 5 yrs immediately preceding such commencement?                                                                                                                                                    A person who migrated from Pakistan was also granted Indian citizenship. A person who had voluntarily acquired the citizenship of any foreign country was not granted citizenship of India. Certain persons of Indian origin living outside India were also granted citizenship of India. Under provision of article11 of the constitution the parliament has passed “ the citizenship of India can be acquired by: Birth Descent Registration Naturalization Incorporation of territory The citizenship can be given up by: Renunciation Termination of citizenship Deprivation o citizenship
TERMINATION OF CITIZENSHIP According to the provisions of the citizenship act-1955 a person can terminate his/her citizenship. RENUNCIATION OF CITIZENSHIP: If any citizen of India of full age and capacity, who is also a citizen or national of another country, makes in the prescribed manner a declaration renouncing his Indian citizenship, the declaration shall be registered by the prescribed authority and upon and registration that shall cease to be a citizen of India.    If a male person to be a citizen of India every minor child of that person there shall upon ceases to be a citizen of India. But such child, within 1 yr after attaining full age he can resume citizenship on application/declaration. TERMINATION OF CITIZENSHIP: Any citizen of India whom by nationalization, registration or otherwise voluntarily acquires has at any time between the 26th Jan, 1950 and the commencement of the citizenship of another country, ceases to be a citizen of India. DEPRIVATION OF CITIZENSHIP: A citizen of India who is such by nationalization or by virtue only of article*5(c) of the constitution or by registration otherwise than under article 6(b) (ii) of the constitution or section 5 (1) (a) of the citizenship act shall cease to be a citizen of India, if he is deprived of that citizenship by an order of the central govt. *who has been resident in the territory of India for not less than 5yrs immediately preceding such commencement
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS India is a union of states. The constitution was submitted to  constituent assembly on 16th November 1949 and on 26th January 1950, India became a sovereign socialist secular democratic republic. The constitution provides for equal opposition parties and freedom in respect of social, economic, political, legal, expression, belief religion and worship. These provisions have been made to ensure the dignity of the people and uphold the unity and integrity of India and promote harmony and brotherhood. Fundamental rights of citizens:
RIGHT TO EQUALITY Equality before law: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. Abolition of untouchability. Abolition of titles. RIGHT TO FREEDOM Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech etc. Protection in respect of conviction for offences. Protection of life and personal liberty. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.
RIGHTS AGAINST EXPLOITATION Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour. Prohibition of employment of children in factories etc. RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. Freedom to manage religious affairs. Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion ( no person shall be compelled to pay such taxes ) Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions. CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS Protection of interests of minorities. Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions. RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this part. Power to parliament to modify the rights conferred by their application to forces. Restriction on rights conferred by this part while martial law is in force in any area.
VOTE AND ELECTION Election to Lok Sabha and each legislative assembly is conducted on the basis of adult franchise. A citizen  of India who has completed 18yrs of age and whose name is included in the latest electoral roll of the constituency has a right to vote in that constituency. Casting of vote is a duty of every citizen. The responsibility of conducting election rests with the election commission. Government is expected to place necessary government machinery at the disposal of election commissioner for the conduct of the elections. The elections to Lok Sabha and legislative assembly are being conducted according to the provisions of the representation of the people act 1959. Certain provisions of the act are given below: There will be an electoral roll for every constituency, prepared as per the directions of the election commissioner. Those who do not have the following disqualifications can register their name in the electoral roll. Persons who are not Indian citizens. Citizens who are lunatic. Citizens who have lost the right of vote by breaking of certain laws which are punishable. Citizens who are undergoing punishment in jail or in lawful custody of the police (after the jail punishment is over again they can register their names in the electoral roll).
RIGHT TO VOTE:   A citizen whose name has been registered in a particular constituency can cast his vote in that constituency. One person can cast his vote only in one constituency and casting of vote in more than one constituency shall be invalid. Casting of more than one vote in an election is an offence and it is punishable.
HOW TO CAST A VOTE? We have adopted the secret ballot system for the elections. In the ballot paper there will be the names of all candidates of that constituency and then election symbol against their names in the alphabetical order. To cast vote an x mark is to be stamped on the symbol of the candidate whom we want to elect. After stamping the mark the ballot paper is to be folded in such a way that the ink marks of the x mark should not fall on other symbols. After folding the ballot paper properly as advised by the polling officers, put it in the ballot box which is placed in front of the presiding officer. While receiving the ballot paper sign in the counterfoil of the ballot paper. Then an indelible ink mark will be made on the first finger of the left hand in such a way that the mark will be on the skin as well as on the nail. This is to prevent that person from casting vote more than once for the same election. Persons on election duty can vote by postal ballot. any person subjected to preventive detention under any law for the time being in force can give his vote by postal ballot. Know: Powers and functions of the President and Vice-President of Indian Union and Governors in the State. Functions of the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Praishad. Functions of Local bodies such as municipality local board (Zilla Parishad, Cantonment Board and Panchayat) with Special reference to his own area. PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT THE EXECUTIVE HEAD: The constitution provides that there shall be a president. He is the executive head  and exercise his powers, as per Constitution, either directly or through officers, subordinate to him. Actually he is the Constitutional head and the Government is run in his name by the prime minister. Election of the President and the Term of Office The Indian President known as Rashtrapati is not elected by the people directly. An electoral college consisting of the elected Members of both Houses of Parliament(i.e Members of Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha). And members of all Legislative Assemblies will elect Rashtrapati. Any Indian citizen who has completed 35 yeats of age and who is qualified to contest for the election to Lok Sabha can contest for the eleIction of Rashtrapati. He must not be a person holding any office of profit under the Government of a State or under any local or other authority subject to the authority of such Government. However, the post of President, Vice President and Ministers of Central Government and State Government shall not be considered as office of profit for the above purpose. The President is elected for a  term of five years by secret ballot in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote. As said earlier each M.P and M.L.A has a right to vote. As the number of M.Ps and M.L.A are different in each state, to bring uniformity in the representation, value has been fixed for votes of M.Ps and M.L.As on the basis of population of the concerned States. The calculation of votes of M.L.As and M.Ps are fixed as follows Decide the population of a State by the number of M.L.As. In te quotient how many thousands are there that much value is fixed for an M.L.A’s vote of that State. The balance of 500 or above are counted as one, otherwise it will be ignored. Total value of votes of M.L.As of all the states are divided by the number of elected of M.Ps of both Houses. The quotient is the value of vote of each M.P if the balance figure is above half it will be counted as one, otherwise it will be ignored In 1987 election of the president there wee 3919 M.L.As, 543 M.Ps in Lok Sabha and 233 M.Ps in Rajya Sabha. The value of vote of one M.P was 702. A candidate shall be elected as President only if he has secured more than fifty per cent of votes. Votes is to be casted on preferential order (i.e first preferences, second preference, third preference etc,). First, the first preference votes of all M.P’s and M.L.As will be taken into account. If a candidate secures more than 50% of these votes, he is declared elected. If no candidate has more than 50% votes, the candidates who has received the lowest number of votes will be eliminated and his votes distributed amongst the other candidates based on the second preference of the M.Ps and M.L.As who voted for him. Again votes will be counted and the candidate who secured more than 50% votes will be declared as elected. In the above manner, the distribution of votes of the eliminated candidates will go on till one of the  candidates secures more than 50% votes. Impeachment : The president hold office for a term of five years and he can be re-elected. The president can be removed from office by impeachment for violation of the Constitution. House of the parliament by a Resolution; fourteen day’s Notice should be given by not less than one-fourth of the total membership of that Houses. The charge is then investigated by the other Houses or by a court of Tribunal as decided by that House. The president shall have the right to appear or to appear or be present at such investigation. If the charge is sustained and a Resolution is passed by two-thirds majority of the House which investigates the charge or refers it for investigation it will have the effect of removing the president from office from the date on which it is so passed.
3. Executive powers of the President :
1. The executive powers are rested in President and exercised by him directly or through offices subordinate to him, in accordance with the Constitution. 2. He is the Supreme Commander of Defence Forces. 3. Prime Minister is appointed by President and other Ministers are appointed by president on the advice of Prime Minister. 4. President makes a Minister take an Oath before he takes his office. 5. The president appoints : Justices of Supreme Court. Justices of High Courts. Chairman and members of Union Public Service Commission. Comptroller and Auditor General. Governors. Chief Election Commissioner. Attorney General of India. President appoints the Election Commission, the Finance Commission, Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes etc. Five years after the commencement of the Constitution and then after 10 years after the commencement, he appoints a Commission to make recommendation regarding the use of Hindi and English. Whenever necessary, he may establish an Inter State Council to inquired and advise upon disputes between States. Such as those relating to river water or boundaries, to investigate and discuss subjects of common interests between State or between Union and States. President makes rules to make the functioning of the Government of India more convenient and for the allocation of duties amongst Ministers.
President and the Parliament
1. If a Member of Parliament is to be disqualified, the matter is referred to President for a decision. 2.  President nominates to Rajya Sabha 12 members having special knowledge or practical experience in the field of arts, science, literature or social service. 3.   President may nominate not more then 2 nominees to Lok Sabha to represent the Anglo-Indian community. 4.  President can summon or prorogue each House of the Parliament or dissolve Lok Sabha. 5.  The President address both Houses of Parliament together at the beginning of the first session after each General Election, and at the beginning of the first Session every year.   6.  The President has the right to address either or both Houses of Parliament and require the attendance of the members. He may also send messages to either House of Parliament, which must be considered by the House at the earliest.   7.   If the bill has been passed by one Houses and :   Rejected by the other House; or.   The  Houses disagree to the amendments to the bills or The other House has not passed the bill for 6 months. The president may summon a joint session to consider the bill 8.    When a bill has been passed by both the Houses, it is presented to President for his assent. If President sends the bill back with the message, it is reconsidered by the Houses, and if it is passed again, with or without amendment, President cannot withhold his assent. 9.    President may promulgate ordinances during the recess of the parliament. 10.  The President may grant pardons and reduce sentences in certain    cases. 11.  If a question of law arises, the President may refer the matter to Supreme Court for its opinion. 12.  An amendment bill to the constitution may be introduced in any of the houses, but must be passed by a majority of the total membership, and two-third majority of those present and voting in each House. It is then presented to the president for his assent 13.  If the office of Chairman and Dy. Chairman are both vacant, the president appoints a member, Rajya Sabha to perform the duties of the office. 14. Rashtrapati appoints one of the members of the Lok Sabha to perform the duties of the Speaker in Lok Sabha in the absence of Speaker, Dy. Speaker and Panel of Chairman. 15. Certain bills can be introduced in Parliament only on the recommendation of the President. Formation of new states, change of boundaries of the existing State, change of name of States, Annual Financial Statement Money Bill are examples. 5.   Emergency Provisions:     1.   If the security of India or of any of its parts is threatened by war, external aggression or armed rebellion the President may proclaim  an Emergency in respect of whole of India or concerned part of the territory.            2.  If the Government of a State carried on in accordance with the Constitution, the President on a report from the Governor may take over the functions of the State.           3.   If a situation threatening the financial stability of India arises, President may declare a financial emergency. 6.    Vice President: 1.    There is Vice-President. He is ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha. He cannot hold any other office of profit 2.  The Vice-President acts as President during the vacancy or absence of President. 3.    A person is eligible to become Vice-President if:       (a)    He is a citizen of India.       (b)    Has completed 35 years of age; and       (c)     is qualified for election as a member of Rajya Sabha . 4.   Vice President is elected for a 5 year term. 5.   Vice President is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament by the system of proportional representation by a single transferable vote. The voting is done by secret ballot. 6.   If a Member of Parliament or Member of Legislative Assembly is elected, his seat falls vacant.
DUTIES OF VICE-PRESIDENT: Vice-president is ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha. Vice-president acts as president during the vacancy (due to death, resignation or removal etc) or absence or illness of president. When vice president is acting as president he does not act as chairman of Rajya Sabha.
THE PARLIAMENT
THE PARLIAMENT Indian union has a parliament which consists of The president, The Rajya Sabha, The Lok Sabha. It is located in New Delhi. RAJYA SABHA              Rajya Sabha has a maximum of 250 members consisting of 238 representing the states and union territories and 12 nominated by the president to give representations to person shaving special knowledge or practical experience in the field of arts, sciences, literature and social services. The number of seats given to each state is given in the fourth schedule (appendix-1 ). The representatives from the states are elected by the elected members of the state legislature by the system of “proportional representation by means of single transferrable vote”.              Rajya Sabha cannot be dissolved , but approximately one third of the members retire every two years in accordance with the provisions made in that behalf by parliament by law the chairman of Rajya Sabha is the vice president of India. The vice president is elected by the members of an “electoral college” consisting of the members of both the houses of parliament in accordance with the system of ‘proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote” and the voting at such election is secret. Rajya Sabha elects one of the members as its deputy chairman. Lok Sabha : Lok Sabha consists of not more than 530 members elected by direct election from territorial constituencies in the States, 20 from Union Territories and one or two members nominated by the president from Anglo-Indian community. Lok Sabha elects two of its members to be speaker and Dy. Speaker. The Speaker appoints a panel of Chairman to control the proceedings of the Lok Sabha in the absence of the Speaker and Dy. Speaker. The President can dissolve Lok Sabha. How many members and there in Lok Sabha from your State? Duties of Parliament Parliament is the Central Legislature of the Indian Union. Bills introduced by its members become laws after they are passed. The Annual Budget of Govt.(estimated receipts and expenditure) is presented to and passed  by parliament. Bill passed by both Houses of parliament must receive the assent of the President before becoming laws. A Bill can be introduced either in Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha, a Money Bill can be introduced only in Lok Sabha. When a Money Bill is transmitted to Rajya Sabha or president a certificate that it is a Money Bill is signed by the Speaker of Lok Sabha. Supplementary, additional or excess grants, if the amount authorized is found to be insufficient or need has arisen for supplementary or additional expenditure during the year; or money in excess of the amount granted has been spent a statement for demand for such excess expenditure is presented to the Parliament. Lok Sabha can make an advance grant for expenditure pending the passing of the Budget. Appropriation Bill is also in Parliament. The President’s address is passed after discussion. Members of the Parliament have freedom of speech in Parliament. He is not liable for any proceedings in court for anything said or written by him in parliament or any of its Committees. If a person disrespects the Parliament, he can be summoned to the Parliament and punished. A Member of Parliament has right to move adjournment motions on matters which requires urgent attention of Government. When a President is to be impeached for violation of the Constitution, a proposal can be moved in any of the Houses of Parliament but passed by at least two-third majority. Eligibility for Member of Parliament : He should be a citizen of India. For Rajya Sabha at least 30 years of age, for Lok Sabha at least 25 years of age. Possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed by the parliament. Disqualification for Becoming a Member of Parliament : If he holds any office of profit under Government except which is excluded by law. He is declared to be of unsound mind by a competent court. He is an undischarged insolvent. He is not a citizen of India or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign country or is under any acknowledgement of allegiance or adherence to foreign country. He is disqualified by any law. A person who is a Minister is not disqualified for holding an office of profit. Before taking his seat in the parliament, a member takes an Oath before the President or a person appointed by him, according to the form set down in Third schedule. 7. Relation between the Union and States: 1. Parliament can make laws in respect of matters in the “Union Lists” and “Concurrent List”. 2. Parliament has powers to establish certain additional courts. 3. Parliament has power to legislate with respect of matters in the “State List” if a proclamation of Emergency is in operation; or in the national interest. 4. Parliament has powers to make law to give effect, to International Agreements. (iii) Know functions and working of the State, Local administration. Governor 1. Each State has a Governor. He is the executive head and exercises the power directly or through offices subordinate to him , in accordance with the Constitution. 2. Governor is appointed by President on the recommendation of Prime Minister; Governor holds office during the pleasure of the President. 3. A person is eligible to be appointed a Governor if: (a) He is a citizen of India. (b) Has completed 35yrs of age. 4. State legislative consists of- (a) governor (b) Legislative assembly. (c) Legislative council in some of the states. 5. Governor appoints the chief minister and other ministers are appointed by governor on advice of the Chief Minister. POWERS OF FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNOR 1. A Council of minister advises the Governor in all Functions except where he has to exercise his discretion. 2. Governor generally invites the leader of the majority party (or coalition of parties) to from the Government. The head of the council of ministers is the chief minister. The Governor appoints the chief minister and the other ministers are appointed by the Governor on advice of the chief minister. 3. The state government functions for and on behalf of the governor. 4. The governor makes rules to make the functioning of state government more convenient, and for allocation of duties amongst the ministers. 5. Governor can summon or prorogue the state legislature and can dissolve the legislative assembly. 6. At the beginning of the first session after general elections and at the beginning of the first session every year the governor addresses the state legislative. 7. Governor ensures that the annual budget of the state governments (estimated receipts and expenditure) is presented to the legislative. 8. A bill passed by the legislative assembly and legislative council can become a law only if it has the assent of the governor. 9. Governor can promulgate ordinance during the recesses of the legislature. He can also withdraw the ordinance at any time. The ordinance in force should be placed before the legislature within six months commencement of the next sitting, otherwise the ordinance will lapse. But before the end of its period it can again be promulgated. 10. Governor can grant pardons etc. and to reduce sentences in certain cases. 11. if a member of the legislative assembly is to be disqualified, the matter is referred to the government for decision. 12. Governor appoints the chairman and members of state public services commission. 13. If the office of Dy.speaker of legislative assembly is vacant, governor shall appoint a M.L.A. to act as Dy.speaker. 14. All decisions of the council of ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the state and proposals for legislation should be informed to the governor by the chief minister and also furnish such information as the governor may call for. 15. When excess expenditure over the amount provided in the annual financial statement is to be incurred, governor shall present a supplementary or additional financial statement before the state legislative assembly for this purpose. 16. The bill passed by the legislative assembly/ council will come into force only after getting the assent of the governor. The governor can also return the bill for reconsideration i.e. without giving the assent. But if that bill is again passed by the legislative assembly/ council with or without amendment, the governor shall not withhold the assent. For a money bill the governor has to give his assent. 17. The governor can send a message on a bill presented before the legislature assembly/council which should be considered as early as possible. 18. The governor of each state shall appoint an advocate general from among the persons qualified to be appointed as a judge of a high court. State Legislature For every State, there is a legislature which consists of the Governor the Legislative Assembly and in some States created or abolished by Legislative Assembly by two-third majority. (a)  Legislative Assembly : Legislative Assembly has a minimum of 60 members and a maximum of 500 members elected by direct election from the territorial constituencies of the State. The Legislative Assembly is chosen by direct elections for a 5 year term. The eligibility criteria for membership to Legislative Assembly and Legislative council are the same as for Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha respectively. The Legislative Assembly elects its Speaker and Dy. speaker. If both the posts are vacant the Governor may appoint a member of the Assembly to act as speaker. Before taking his seat every member of Legislative Council have to take an Oath before the Governor. (b) Legislative Council: Of the total number of members of the Legislative Council of a State. (a) As nearly as may be one third shall be elected by electorates of Local Authorities(Municipality, Duty Boards etc.). (b) As nearly as may be, one-twelfth shall be elected by electorates consisting of persons residing in the State who have been for at least three years graduates. (c) As nearly as may be one-twelfth shall be elected by the electorates consisting of persons who have been for at least three years engaged in teaching in educational institution of a State which is not lower than that Secondary School. (d) As nearly as may be one-third shall be elected by the members of Legislative Assembly of the State from among the persons who are not members of the assembly. (e) The remainder shall be nominated by the Governor from among the persons having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters such as literature, science, art, cooperative movement and social service. Legislative Council cannot be dissolved, but one-third of its members retire every two years.
DUTIES OF THE LEGISLATURE 1. At the beginning of the first Session after a general election and at the beginning of the first Session of every year, the Governor addresses the Legislature which is discussed and passed by the Legislature. 2. A bill has to be passed by both the Houses before it can be presented to the Governor for his assent. 3. Passing the Annual Budget and Appropriation Bill is also the responsibility of the Legislature. 4. Legislature also passes the Money Bills. 5. No discussions can be permitted about the conduct of any Supreme Court or High court judge. 6. Demands for Supplementary, additional or excess grants are also passed by the legislature. 7. Every member has freedom of speech in the House. Courts cannot inquire into the proceedings of the Legislature. 8. When it is not possible or delay is expected to pass the financial statement following the proper procedure the Legislative Assembly can give assent to the estimates submitted in the form of demands for grants. The demands for such grants should be placed only on the recommendation of the Governor. 9. The Houses has powers to summon people who insulted Legislative Assembly/ Council or its members for enquiry and punish if found necessary. 10. For defamatory or contemptuous action against Legislative Assembly/ council or its members the Houses can summon that person for enquiry and to give punishment if necessary. 11. A MLA/MLC can adjournment motion to invite the attention of Government on urgent matters. (iv) Have a general knowledge of the working of judicial system of the country. India is a democratic country. For proper functioning of democratic system there are three components viz: (a) Legislature (b) Executive (c) Judiciary 1. Judiciary: 1. The highest court of justice in the country is Supreme court, consisting of a chief justice and a maximum of seven judges.(By Act 22 of 1986 number of judges increased to 25). 2. The chief justice is appointed by the president and the judges are appointed by the president in consultation with the Chief justice. 3. The Chief Justice retires at the age of 65 years. 4. A judge of the Supreme Court has to take an Oath before assuming the office. 5. The Supreme Court shall have all the powers including those to punish for contempt of itself. 6. The Supreme Court sits in Delhi. 2. Duties of Supreme Court : 1. Supreme court has jurisdiction in any dispute between Government of India and one or more States; or in between one or more states. Such disputes cannot be inquired into any other court. 2. A person can appeal to the supreme court against any decision by any of the High Courts, with the approval of the High Court. 3. A law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all other Courts. 4. Supreme Courts can issue writs like Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, prohibition, quo Warranto and certiorari etc. 5. Supreme Court has powers to enforce the decrees and orders issued by it. 6. All civil and judicial authorities act in the aid of the Supreme Court. 7. Supreme Court may grant Special Leave to appeal against any judgment of any court of tribunal 8. In criminal cases also, an appeal against a judgment of a High Court can be made to the Supreme Court. 9. Supreme Court can reconsider its previous decisions. 10. Supreme Court has all the powers including those to punish for contempt of itself. 11. Supreme Court is empowered to give directions to individuals and institutions including Central and State Govt. in certain circumstances.
3. High Court of the States 1. Each state shall have a high court. 2. It consists of a Chief Justice and Several Judge. 3. Every Judge is appointed by the president in consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State and in Case of other than Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court. 4. A High Court Judge retires at the age of 62 years. 5. All Judges have to take an Oath before the Governor of the State before assuming the office. 6. High Court has all the powers including those to punish for contempt against itself. 4. Duties Of High Court. 1. High court has power of Superintendence over all courts in the State. 2. Make rules to regulate the working of lower Courts. 3. A person can make an appeal to High Court against a Judgments of a lower Court. 4. High Courts can issue writs like Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, qua Warranto and certiorari.
Subordinate Courts 1. The Judges of District Courts are appointed by the Governor in consultation with the High Court. 2. The District Courts and the other subordinate courts will be controlled by the High court. 3. Appointment of persons other than Districts Judges to the Judicial services can be made by the Governor in consultation with the State Public Services Commission and the High Court.